European Journal of Chemistry 2015, 6(3), 254-260 | doi: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233 | Get rights and content

Issue cover





  Open Access OPEN ACCESS | Open Access PEER-REVIEWED | RESEARCH ARTICLE | DOWNLOAD PDF | VIEW FULL-TEXT PDF | TOTAL VIEWS

Quinazolinones linked amino acids derivatives as a new class of promising antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents


Kadalipura Puttaswamy Rakesh (1) , Suhas Ramesh (2) , Honnayakanahalli Marichennegowda Manu Kumar (3) , Shivamallu Chandan (4) , Dase Channe Gowda (5,*)

(1) Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
(2) Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
(3) Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
(4) Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
(5) Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
(*) Corresponding Author

Received: 22 Dec 2014 | Revised: 02 Mar 2015 | Accepted: 28 Mar 2015 | Published: 30 Sep 2015 | Issue Date: September 2015

Abstract


Two series of amino acids conjugated quinazolinones (1a-h and 2a-h) were synthesized by acid-amine coupling and the structures of all the compounds were confirmed through spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR and HRMS. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Biological evaluation study revealed that, the compounds 1f, 2f, 2g and 1g showed good antioxidant activity with 50% of the inhibition concentration (IC50) values 35, 20, 30 and 40 µg/mL, respectively, much better than the standard BHT (IC50 = 45 µg/mL). The compounds 1g, 2e and 2g found to have promising anti-inflammatory activity and almost all the synthesized compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activities (antibacterial and antifungal) against all the selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Conjugates containing Trp, Tyr and Pro have shown better activity than the rest of the analogues in the series. The structure-activity relationship was established for these compounds.


Announcements


Our editors have decided to support scientists to publish their manuscripts in European Journal of Chemistry without any financial constraints.

1- The article processing fee will not be charged from the articles containing the single-crystal structure characterization or a DFT study between September 15, 2023 and October 31, 2023 (Voucher code: FALL2023).

2. A 50% discount will be applied to the article processing fee for submissions made between September 15, 2023 and October 31, 2023 by authors who have at least one publication in the European Journal of Chemistry (Voucher code: AUTHOR-3-2023).

3. Young writers will not be charged for the article processing fee between September 15, 2023 and October 31, 2023 (Voucher code: YOUNG2023).


Editor-in-Chief
European Journal of Chemistry

Keywords


Amino acids; Conjugation; Quinazolinones; Antioxidant activity; Antimicrobial activity; Anti-inflammatory activity

Full Text:

PDF
PDF    Open Access

DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233

Links for Article


| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | |

Related Articles




Article Metrics

icon graph This Abstract was viewed 2236 times | icon graph PDF Article downloaded 799 times

Funding information


Center with Potential for Excellence in a Particular Area (CPEPA), UGC, New Delhi

Citations

/


[1]. Yulya Martynenko, Oleksii Antypenko , Inna Nosulenko, Galina Berest, Sergii Kovalenko
Directed Search of Anti-inflammatory Agents Among (3HQuinazoline- 4-ylidene)hydrazides of N-protected Amino acids and their Heterocyclization Products
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry  19(1), 61, 2020
DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190115092215
/


[2]. Nahid Shahabadi, Saba Zendehcheshm, Fatemeh Khademi
Green Synthesis, in vitro Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant Activity and Interaction Studies of CuO Nanoparticles with DNA, Serum Albumin, Hemoglobin and Lysozyme
ChemistrySelect  7(37), , 2022
DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202916
/


[3]. Vivian F. Lotfy, Safaa S. Hassan, Perihan A. Khalf-Alla, Altaf H. Basta
The role of side chain of amino acid on performance of their conjugates with carboxymethyl cellulose and their Pd(II) complexes as bioactive agents
International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials  69(1), 21, 2020
DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1670179
/


[4]. B.J. Ullas, K.P. Rakesh, J. Shivakumar, D. Channe Gowda, P.G. Chandrashekara
Multi-targeted quinazolinone-Schiff's bases as potent bio-therapeutics
Results in Chemistry  2, 100067, 2020
DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100067
/


[5]. Vanaparti Laxminarayana, Megha Balha, Ramana Tamminana
Preparation of novel pyrazole substituted triazole libraries and estimation of their biological activity
ChemistrySelect  8(22), , 2023
DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204803
/


[6]. Vinuta Kamat, Rangappa Santosh, Boja Poojary, Suresh P. Nayak, Banoth Karan Kumar, Murugesan Sankaranarayanan, Faheem, Sheela Khanapure, Delicia Avilla. Barretto, Shyam K. Vootla
Pyridine- and Thiazole-Based Hydrazides with Promising Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities along with Their In Silico Studies
ACS Omega  5(39), 25228, 2020
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03386
/


[7]. H. K. Kumara, R. Suhas, D. M. Suyoga Vardhan, M. Shobha, D. Channe Gowda
A correlation study of biological activity and molecular docking of Asp and Glu linked bis-hydrazones of quinazolinones
RSC Advances  8(19), 10644, 2018
DOI: 10.1039/C8RA00531A
/


[8]. Alireza Barmak, Khodabakhsh Niknam, Gholamhossein Mohebbi
Synthesis, Structural Studies, and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory, Antidiabetic, and Antioxidant Activities of 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones Derived from Pyrazol-4-carbaldehyde and Anilines
ACS Omega  4(19), 18087, 2019
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01906
/


[9]. Pavankumar Prabhala, Hemantkumar M. Savanur, Suraj M. Sutar, Krishna N. Naik, Manoj Kumar Mittal, Rajesh G. Kalkhambkar
In silico molecular docking and In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of some C5-substituted imidazole analogues
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports  3, 100015, 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmcr.2021.100015
/


[10]. Dorota Piotrowska, Graciela Andrei, Dominique Schols, Robert Snoeck, Magdalena Grabkowska-Drużyc
New Isoxazolidine-Conjugates of Quinazolinones—Synthesis, Antiviral and Cytostatic Activity
Molecules  21(7), 959, 2016
DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070959
/


[11]. Ashraf Farouq Wasfy, Aly A. Aly, Mohamed S. Behalo, Noura S. Mohamed
Synthesis of novel phthalazine derivatives as pharmacological activities
Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry  57(1), 12, 2020
DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3735
/


[12]. Neha Tiwari, Ankita Kumari, Gunjan Uttam, Vineeta Singh, Karuna Singh, Diksha Katiyar
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Some Novel Coumarin‐Amino Acid Conjugates
ChemistrySelect  7(26), , 2022
DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201299
/


[13]. Ana Luíza A.R. Martin, Irwin R.A. De Menezes, Amanda K. Sousa, Pablo A.M. Farias, Francisco A.V. dos Santos, Thiago S. Freitas, Fernando G. Figueredo, Jaime Ribeiro-Filho, Diogo T. Carvalho, Henrique D.M. Coutinho, Marta M.F. Fonteles
In vitro and in silico antibacterial evaluation of coumarin derivatives against MDR strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Microbial Pathogenesis  177, 106058, 2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106058
/


[14]. M. Xu, S.L. Wang, L. Zhu, P.Y. Wu, W.B. Dai, K.P. Rakesh
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of synthetic glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors: A critical review
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry  164, 448, 2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.073
/


[15]. M. Sarkar, A. Nath, A. Kumer, C. Mallik, F. Akter, Md. Moniruzzaman, Md. A. Ali
Synthesis, molecular docking screening, ADMET and dynamics studies of synthesized 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-methyl-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinazolin-2(1H)-one and quinazolinone derivatives
Journal of Molecular Structure  1244, 130953, 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130953
/


[16]. K.P. Rakesh, C.S. Shantharam, H.M. Manukumar
Synthesis and SAR studies of potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibitors of quinazolinone-Schiff’s base analogues
Bioorganic Chemistry  68, 1, 2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.001
/


[17]. Nancy, Sakshi Chaudhary, Archana
SYNTHESIS OF SOME NEWER THIAZOLIDINONYL QUINAZOLINONES AND AZETIDINONYL QUINAZOLINONES AS POTENT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Indian Drugs  59(08), 21, 2022
DOI: 10.53879/id.59.08.13098
/


[18]. Yi-Zhou Xiang, Gang Wu, Lin-Yu Yang, Xiao-Jie Yang, Yan-Mei Zhang, Lian-Bing Lin, Xian-Yu Deng, Qi-Lin Zhang
Antibacterial effect of bacteriocin XJS01 and its application as antibiofilm agents to treat multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules  196, 13, 2022
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.136
/


[19]. Ghaneya S Hassan, Gehan H Hegazy, Noha M Ibrahim, Samar H Fahim
New ibuprofen derivatives as H2S and NO donors as safer anti-inflammatory agents
Future Medicinal Chemistry  11(23), 3029, 2019
DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0467
/


[20]. Xu Zhang, H.M. Manukumar, K.P. Rakesh, C.S. Karthik, H.S. Nagendra Prasad, S. Nanjunda Swamy, P. Mallu, Yasser Hussein Eissa Mohammed, Hua-Li Qin
Role of BP*C@AgNPs in Bap-dependent multicellular behavior of clinically important methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm adherence: A key virulence study
Microbial Pathogenesis  123, 275, 2018
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.025
/


[21]. Ismail M.M. Othman, Mahmoud H. Mahross, Mohamed A.M. Gad-Elkareem, Mithun Rudrapal, Neelutpal Gogoi, Dipak Chetia, Kaïss Aouadi, Mejdi Snoussi, Adel Kadri
Toward a treatment of antibacterial and antifungal infections: Design, synthesis and in vitro activity of novel arylhydrazothiazolylsulfonamides analogues and their insight of DFT, docking and molecular dynamic simulations
Journal of Molecular Structure  1243, 130862, 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130862
/


[22]. May Juda. Kareem, Abbas Ali Salih Al-Hamdani, Young Gun Ko, Wail Al Zoubi, Saad G. Mohammed
Synthesis, characterization, and determination antioxidant activities for new Schiff base complexes derived from 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-ethylamine and metal ion complexes
Journal of Molecular Structure  1231, 129669, 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129669
/


[23]. Meng Wang, K.P. Rakesh, Jing Leng, Wan-Yin Fang, L. Ravindar, D. Channe Gowda, Hua-Li Qin
Amino acids/peptides conjugated heterocycles: A tool for the recent development of novel therapeutic agents
Bioorganic Chemistry  76, 113, 2018
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.11.007
/


[24]. Kadalipura P. Rakesh, Nanjudappa Darshini, Sunnadadoddi L. Vidhya, Rajesha, Ningegowda Mallesha
Synthesis and SAR studies of potent H+/K+-ATPase and anti-inflammatory activities of symmetrical and unsymmetrical urea analogues
Medicinal Chemistry Research  26(8), 1675, 2017
DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1878-x
/


[25]. Na Chen, Cheng Jiang
Antimicrobial peptides: Structure, mechanism, and modification
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry  255, 115377, 2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115377
/


[26]. Gao-Feng Zha, K.P. Rakesh, H.M. Manukumar, C.S. Shantharam, Sihui Long
Pharmaceutical significance of azepane based motifs for drug discovery: A critical review
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry  162, 465, 2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.031
/


[27]. Rohith Gattu, Sanjay S. Ramesh, Siddaram Nadigar, Channe Gowda D, Suhas Ramesh
Conjugation as a Tool in Therapeutics: Role of Amino Acids/Peptides-Bioactive (Including Heterocycles) Hybrid Molecules in Treating Infectious Diseases
Antibiotics  12(3), 532, 2023
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030532
/


[28]. Yasmin M.S. Jamil, Fathi M. Al-Azab, Nedhal A. Al-Selwi, Thamer Alorini, Ahmed N. Al-Hakimi
Preparation, physicochemical characterization, molecular docking and biological activity of a novel schiff-base and organophosphorus schiff base with some transition metal(II) ions
Main Group Chemistry  22(3), 337, 2023
DOI: 10.3233/MGC-220101
/


[29]. Xing Chen, Jing Leng, K. P. Rakesh, N. Darshini, T. Shubhavathi, H. K. Vivek, N. Mallesha, Hua-Li Qin
Synthesis and molecular docking studies of xanthone attached amino acids as potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents
MedChemComm  8(8), 1706, 2017
DOI: 10.1039/C7MD00209B
/


[30]. Magdalena Grabkowska-Drużyc, Graciela Andrei, Dominique Schols, Robert Snoeck, Dorota Piotrowska
Isoxazolidine Conjugates of N3-Substituted 6-Bromoquinazolinones—Synthesis, Anti-Varizella-Zoster Virus, and Anti-Cytomegalovirus Activity
Molecules  23(8), 1889, 2018
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081889
/


[31]. Vladimir P. Zaytsev, Lala V. Lovtsevich, Kuzma M. Pokazeev, Elena A. Sorokina, Pavel V. Dorovatovskii, Victor N. Khrustalev, Anna A. Romanycheva, Anton A. Shetnev, Alexandrina S. Volobueva, Iana L. Esaulkova, Alexander V. Slita, Vladimir V. Zarubaev, Fedor I. Zubkov
The IMDAV approach towards thieno- and furoisoindolo[2,1-a]quinazolines-11(13)-carboxylic acids possessing antimicrobial and antiviral activities
Tetrahedron  131, 133205, 2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133205
/


[32]. Poothapandi Oviya, Arul Prakash Francis, B. Mahalaxmi
Fabrication of hemocompatible chitosan-biogenic silver nanocomposite for biomedical applications
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology  87, 104826, 2023
DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104826
/


[33]. K.P. Rakesh, H.K. Kumara, B.J. Ullas, J. Shivakumara, D. Channe Gowda
Amino acids conjugated quinazolinone-Schiff’s bases as potential antimicrobial agents: Synthesis, SAR and molecular docking studies
Bioorganic Chemistry  90, 103093, 2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103093
/


[34]. K.P. Rakesh, H.K. Kumara, H.M. Manukumar, D. Channe Gowda
Anticancer and DNA binding studies of potential amino acids based quinazolinone analogs: Synthesis, SAR and molecular docking
Bioorganic Chemistry  87, 252, 2019
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.038
/


References


[1]. Hess, H. J.; Cronin, T. H.; Scriabine, A. J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 130-136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00307a028

[2]. Ghorab, M. M.; Abdel-Gawad, S. M.; El-Gaby, M. S. A. Il Farmaco 2000, 55, 249-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(00)00029-X

[3]. Al-Obaid, A. M.; Abdel-Hamide, S. G.; El-Kashef, H. A.; Abdel-Aziz, A. A. M.; El-Azab, A. S.; Al-Khamees, H. A.; El-Subbagh, H. I. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 44, 2379-2391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.09.015

[4]. Kumar, A.; Tyagi, M.; Shrivasthava, V. K. Ind. J. Chem. B 2003, 42, 2142-2145.

[5]. Khalil, M. A.; Soliman, R.; Farghaly, A. M.; Bekhit, A. A. Arch. Pharm. 1994, 327, 27-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19943270105

[6]. Shivaram, H. B.; Padmaja, M. T.; Shivnanda, M. K.; Akbarali, P. M. Ind. J. Chem. B 1998, 37, 715-716.

[7]. Nathwami, D.; Wood, M. J. Drugs 1993, 45(6), 866-894.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199345060-00002

[8]. Schnappinger, D.; Hillen, W. Arch. Microbiol. 1996, 165, 359-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050339

[9]. Lee, H. J.; Lee, K. W. Mech. Ageing. Dev. 2006, 127, 424-431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.021

[10]. Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J. M.; Cross, C. E.; Lab, J. Clin. Med. 1992, 119, 598-620.

[11]. Balakumar, C.; Lamba, P.; Kishore, D. P.; Narayana, B. L.; Venkat, K. V. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 4904-4913.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.063

[12]. Suhas, R.; Chandrashekar, S.; Gowda, D. C.; Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 704-711.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.005

[13]. Suhas, R.; Chandrashekar, S.; Gowda, D. C. Int. J. Pept. Res. Thera. 2012, 18, 89-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10989-011-9282-8

[14]. Suresha, G. P.; Suhas, R.; Kapfo, W.; Gowda, D. C. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 2530-2540.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.041

[15]. Gadek, T. R.; Nicholas, J. B. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2003, 65, 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(02)01479-X

[16]. Perez, C.; Paul, M.; Bazerque, P. Acta. Biol. Med. Exp. 1990, 15, 113-115.

[17]. Singh, I.; Singh, V. P. Phytomorphology 2000, 50, 151-157.

[18]. Blois, M. S. Nature 1958, 181, 1199-1200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1811199a0

[19]. Shinde, U. A.; Phadke, A. S.; Nair, A. M.; Mungantiwar, A. A.; Dikshit, V. J.; Saraf, M. N. Fitoterapia 1999, 70, 251-257.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00030-1

[20]. Fournier, J.; Bruneau, C.; Dixneuf, P. H.; Lecolier, S. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4456-4458.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00014a024

[21]. Mhaske, S. B.; Argade, N. P. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 9038-9040.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo010727l

[22]. Wohlrab, A.; Lamer, R.; VanNieuwenhze, M. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4175-4177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja068455x

[23]. Shivakumara, K. N.; Prakasha, K. C.; Gowda, D. C. E-J. Chem. 2009, 6(S1), S473-S479.

[24]. Biradar, J. S.; Sasidhar, B. S.; Parveen, R. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 4074-4078.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.05.067

[25]. Poeggeler, B.; Pappolla, M. A.; Hardeland, R.; Rassoulpour, A.; Hodgkins, P. S.; Guidetti, P.; Schwarcz, R. Brain. Res. 1999, 815, 382-388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01027-0

[26]. Yasin, C.; Hulya, G.; Abdullah, M.; Ilhami, G. Arch. Pharma. Chem. Life Sci. 2012, 345, 323-334.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201100272


How to cite


Rakesh, K.; Ramesh, S.; Kumar, H.; Chandan, S.; Gowda, D. Eur. J. Chem. 2015, 6(3), 254-260. doi:10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233
Rakesh, K.; Ramesh, S.; Kumar, H.; Chandan, S.; Gowda, D. Quinazolinones linked amino acids derivatives as a new class of promising antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur. J. Chem. 2015, 6(3), 254-260. doi:10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233
Rakesh, K., Ramesh, S., Kumar, H., Chandan, S., & Gowda, D. (2015). Quinazolinones linked amino acids derivatives as a new class of promising antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. European Journal of Chemistry, 6(3), 254-260. doi:10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233
Rakesh, Kadalipura, Suhas Ramesh, Honnayakanahalli Marichennegowda Manu Kumar, Shivamallu Chandan, & Dase Channe Gowda. "Quinazolinones linked amino acids derivatives as a new class of promising antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents." European Journal of Chemistry [Online], 6.3 (2015): 254-260. Web. 3 Oct. 2023
Rakesh, Kadalipura, Ramesh, Suhas, Kumar, Honnayakanahalli, Chandan, Shivamallu, AND Gowda, Dase. "Quinazolinones linked amino acids derivatives as a new class of promising antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents" European Journal of Chemistry [Online], Volume 6 Number 3 (30 September 2015)

The other citation formats (EndNote | Reference Manager | ProCite | BibTeX | RefWorks) for this article can be found online at: How to cite item



DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233


CrossRef | Scilit | GrowKudos | Researchgate | Publons | ScienceGate | Scite | Lens | OUCI

WorldCat Paperbuzz | LibKey Citeas | Dimensions | Semanticscholar | Plumx | Kopernio | Zotero | Mendeley

ZoteroSave to Zotero MendeleySave to Mendeley



European Journal of Chemistry 2015, 6(3), 254-260 | doi: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.6.3.254-260.1233 | Get rights and content

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c)





© Copyright 2010 - 2023  Atlanta Publishing House LLC All Right Reserved.

The opinions expressed in all articles published in European Journal of Chemistry are those of the specific author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of Atlanta Publishing House LLC, or European Journal of Chemistry, or any of its employees.

Copyright 2010-2023 Atlanta Publishing House LLC. All rights reserved. This site is owned and operated by Atlanta Publishing House LLC whose registered office is 2850 Smith Ridge Trce Peachtree Cor GA 30071-2636, USA. Registered in USA.