Analysis of the usability of treated wastewater for fire protection purposes

Frantisek Ondrasik; Sarka Krocova

doi:10.5155/eurjchem.14.2.303-310.2423

PDF

Published: Jun 30, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.14.2.303-310.2423

Keywords:

Safety, Recycling, Fire water, Wastewater, Water source, Climate change

Section

Review Article

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 2 (2023): June 2023

Dates

Received 2022-12-31
Accepted 2023-03-14
Published 2023-06-30

Frantisek Ondrasik

Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Safety Engineering, Lumirova 13, 1875, 703 00 Ostrava-Vyskovice, Czech Republic

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-5142

Sarka Krocova

Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Safety Engineering, Lumirova 13, 1875, 703 00 Ostrava-Vyskovice, Czech Republic

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-1675

Abstract

Current water management does not fully account for potential crisis situations when dealing with drinking water. It is important to focus on an efficient and at the same time economic approach to water management, including consideration of the ecological aspect. One way is to focus on the use of alternative sources of water. The possibilities of purified wastewater or captured rainwater indicate a certain direction. Current technical possibilities and scientific knowledge offer many opportunities. The priority is to find and increase the way to limit the use of drinking water for economic activities. The more intensive use of alternative water sources is still in the background and neglected. This article provides information on this issue and encourages deeper ecological and economic reflexion.

This Abstract was viewed 440 times |

Article PDF downloaded 247 times

How to Cite

(1)

Ondrasik, F.; Krocova, S. Analysis of the Usability of Treated Wastewater for Fire Protection Purposes. Eur. J. Chem. 2023, 14, 303-310.

Links for Article

Crossref - Scopus - Google - European PMC

References

[1]. European Council Council of the European Union Climate change: What the EU is doing. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/ (accessed January 12, 2023).

[2]. Smrž, V.; Pasková, A.; Kepka, J.; Linxová, M.; Hanišová, L. State environmental policy of the Czech Republic 2030 with outlook to 2050; Ministry of the Environment, based in Vršovická 1442/65, Prague 10, Czech Republic: Prague, ISBN 978-80-7212-649-1, https://www.mzp.cz/C1257458002F0DC7/cz/statni_politika_zivotniho_prostredi/$FILE/SPZP-2030_4AK_EN-20220525.pdf, 2021.

[3]. Marshall, S. J. Hydrology. In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences; Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.05356-2, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.05356-2

[4]. Hanjra, M. A.; Blackwell, J.; Carr, G.; Zhang, F.; Jackson, T. M. Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2012, 215, 255-269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003

[5]. Adapa, S. Factors influencing consumption and anti-consumption of recycled water: Evidence from Australia. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 201, 624-635.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.083

[6]. Bábíková, J. Svět trápí nedostatek vody - budeme pít vlastní moč?, The world is suffering from a lack of water - will we drink our own urine? https://www.ovodarenstvi.cz/clanky/svet-trapi-nedostatek-vody-budeme-mit-vlastni-moc/ (accessed March 12, 2022).

[7]. Nedostatek vody. Lack of water, https://www.enviwiki.cz/wiki/Nedostatek_vody (accessed January 1, 2023).

[8]. Delli Compagni, R.; Gabrielli, M.; Polesel, F.; Turolla, A.; Trapp, S.; Vezzaro, L.; Antonelli, M. Risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern in the context of wastewater reuse for irrigation: An integrated modelling approach. Chemosphere 2020, 242, 125185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125185

[9]. Czech Republic, 254/2001 Sb. Zákon o vodách a o změně některých zákonů (vodní zákon), Act on Water and Amendment of Certain Acts (Water Act). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2001-254/zneni-20220201 (accessed January 1, 2023).

[10]. Ondrašík, F. Posouzení využitelnosti vyčištěných městských odpadních vod k požárním účelům, Assessment of the Usability of Treated Urban Waste Water for Fire Purposes, Vysoká škola báňská - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta bezpečnostního inženýrství, http://hdl.handle.net/10084/140210, Ostrava, 2004.

[11]. Kročová, Š. Strategie dodávek pitné vody; Drinking water supply strategy, Sdružení požárního a bezpečnostního inženýrství, ISBN 978-80-7385-072-2, 2009.

[12]. Schmid, S.; Bogner, F. What Germany's university beginners think about water reuse. Water (Basel) 2018, 10, 731.
https://doi.org/10.3390/w10060731

[13]. Kavan, S.; Freitinger-Skalická, Z. Voluntary municipality fire brigade unit members' education and training in the Czech Republic as a form of vocational training. In ICERI2021 Proceedings; IATED, 2021; pp. 3688-3694, https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2021.0885.
https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2021.0885

[14]. Ondrašík, F. Posouzení využitelnosti vyčištěných městských odpadních vod k požárním účelům, Assessment of the usability of treated municipal wastewater for fire purposes. Bachelor thesis, Vysoká škola báňská - Technická univerzita Ostrava. Fakulta bezpečnostního inženýrství, 2020, http://hdl.handle.net/10084/140210

[15]. Požární ochrana, Integrovaný záchranný systém, Hasičský záchranný sbor ČR Statistické ročenky Hasičského záchranného sboru ČR - Hasičský záchranný sbor České republiky, Statistical yearbooks of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic, https://www.hzscr.cz/clanek/statisticke-rocenky-hasicskeho-zachranneho-sboru-cr.aspx (accessed January 1, 2023).

[16]. WateReuse Association (LACRWA) Using Recycled Water for Fire Fighting; https://www.lacsd.org/home/showpublisheddocument/6337/637683466478370000, Los Angeles, 2021.

[17]. Rizzo, L.; Gernjak, W.; Krzeminski, P.; Malato, S.; McArdell, C. S.; Perez, J. A. S.; Schaar, H.; Fatta-Kassinos, D. Best available technologies and treatment trains to address current challenges in urban wastewater reuse for irrigation of crops in EU countries. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 710, 136312.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136312

[18]. Hrkal, Z. O lidech a vodě; About people and water; Praha: Česká geologická služba: ISBN 978-80-7075-864-9, Praha, Czech Republic, 2014.

[19]. Siegel, S. M. Budiž voda: izraelská inspirace pro svět ohrožený nedostatkem vody, Let there be water: Israel's inspiration for a world threatened by water scarcity; Aligier s.r.o.: Praha, ISBN 978-80906420-3-4, 2017.

[20]. Czech Republic, 274/2001 Sb. Zákon o vodovodech a kanalizacích pro veřejnou potřebu a o změně některých zákonů (zákon o vodovodech a kanalizacích), Act on Water Pipes and Sewers for Public Use and on Amendments to Certain Acts (Water Pipes and Sewers Act). https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2001-274 (accessed January 1, 2023).

[21]. The Parliament of the Czech Republic. The Integrated Rescue System Act and amendments to certain acts, 239/2000 Coll. https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/civil_protection/national_disaster_management_system/czech_republic/239_2000_irs_cz_act.pdf (accessed January 1, 2023).

[22]. Czech Republic, 133/1985 Sb. Zákon České národní rady o požární ochraně, Act of the Czech National Council on Fire Protection. https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1985-133 (accessed January 1, 2023).

[23]. Kavan, Š.; Brehovská, L. Přeshraniční spolupráce na příkladu mezinárodního cvičení mezi Českou republikou, Rakouskem a Německem. In XXI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách, Kurdějov, 13. - 15. června 2018; Masarykova univerzita: Brno, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-8970-2018-53

[24]. Ofori, S.; Puškáčová, A.; Růžičková, I.; Wanner, J. Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation: Pros and cons. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 760, 144026.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144026

[25]. Kavan, S. Evaluation of the current approach to education of security issues at selected universities preparing future pedagogues. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10684.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910684

[26]. López-Morales, C. A.; Rodríguez-Tapia, L. On the economic analysis of wastewater treatment and reuse for designing strategies for water sustainability: Lessons from the Mexico Valley Basin. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 140, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.001

[27]. Mukherjee, M.; Jensen, O. Making water reuse safe: A comparative analysis of the development of regulation and technology uptake in the US and Australia. Saf. Sci. 2020, 121, 5-14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.08.039

[28]. Becerra-Castro, C.; Lopes, A. R.; Vaz-Moreira, I.; Silva, E. F.; Manaia, C. M.; Nunes, O. C. Wastewater reuse in irrigation: A microbiological perspective on implications in soil fertility and human and environmental health. Environ. Int. 2015, 75, 117-135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.001

[29]. Zarei, M. Wastewater resources management for energy recovery from circular economy perspective. Water-energy Nexus 2020, 3, 170-185.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2020.11.001

Supporting Agencies

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

License Terms

License Terms

by-nc

Copyright © 2024 by Authors. This work is published and licensed by Atlanta Publishing House LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.eurjchem.com/index.php/eurjchem/terms and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (CC BY NC) (International, v4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0). By accessing the work, you hereby accept the Terms. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the CC BY NC License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited without any further permission from Atlanta Publishing House LLC (European Journal of Chemistry). No use, distribution, or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Permissions for commercial use of this work beyond the scope of the License (https://www.eurjchem.com/index.php/eurjchem/terms) are administered by Atlanta Publishing House LLC (European Journal of Chemistry).

Article Sidebar

Main Article Content

Abstract

Article Details

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Downloads

Metrics